SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

Simple Future Tense used to express occurrence/activity to happened/to be done in the future,do 10 minutes or 1 hour to come ,tomorrow ,the day after tomorrow ,next week,next month ,next year,and so on.If past tenses express occurrence/activity after now ( time past ) ,tenses future simple express occurrence /activity before now.
( time future).

Positive Tenses
Pattern :

* S + will+ verb1+ O+ modifier
* S + ( is,are.am ) + going + verb1+ O+ modifier
* S + ( is,are,am ) + ( verb1 + ing ) + O + modifier

Example for positive tenses... let us look again: :

* Farmers in Jati Bali will grow rice crops next month
* Some students are going to conduct research on vegetative plant propagations next semester.
* Transpiration will start to increase tomorrow morning.

Negative Tense
Pattern :

* S + will + not + verb1+ O + modifier
* S +{ ( is,are,am ) going to }+ not +verb1 + O + modifier
* S + ( is,are,am ) + ( verb1 + ing ) + O + modifier

Example for negative tenses... let us look again: : :

* Farmers in Jati Bali will not grow rice crops next month
* Transpiration will not start to increase tonight
* He will not be very happy when he finds out.

Question
Pattern :

* Will + S + verb1+ O + modifier
* Will + S + { ( is,are,am ) going to }+ O + modifier
* Will + S + ( is,are,am ) + ( verb1 + ing ) + O + modifier

Example for question tenses... let us look again: : :
+ Will farmers in Jati in Bali grow rice crops next month ?
+ Will transpiration start to increase tomorrow morning ?
+ Will he be very happy when he finds out ?

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VOCABULARY AROUND THE HOUSE

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OFFERING..

The expression of “ Would you like….” is normally used for offering something to someone.
Elsa   : Would you like a fried rice Fit ?
Fifit    : Yes, please. Thank you. Hmmm…that is my favourite food.
Elsa   : Thank you. I’m glad you like it.


Ways to say it
* Would you like a cup of coffee, Daniel ?
* Should I get you a bottle of water ?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. Patrick ?
* Would you care some salad ?

Ofering to friends:
* Want some?
* Have some?
* Chocolate?
* Grab some for yourself ?

Less formal expressions:
* Would you like to have a pancake?
* Why don’t you have some lemonade?
* What can I get for you?
* What will you have?

Declining an offering
* No, thanks
* No, really won’t, thanks
* Not for me, thanks.

Accepting an offering:
* Thank you.
* Yes, please
* I’d like it very much
* That would be very nice

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FINITIVE VERB

A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tenses according to the ruler and categories of languages in which it occurs.
· Finite verb can form “Indenpendent Clause” which constand by their own as complete sentences
· An Independent clause is a complete sentences it contain the main subject and verb of asentences
· In English only verb in contain mob the finite.These includes.

→ Indicate mood : expressing state of appairs in indicative mood finite verb is must used verb.
Example : Elis is going to shop

→ Imperative mood , giving a command
example : Help me please !!!
Don't do that !!!

Verb – Finite / Non Finite

Finite Verb
A finite verb (sometimes called main verbs) is a verb that has a subject, this means that it can be the main verb in a sentence. It shows tense (past / present etc) or number (singular / plural)
For example :
I lived in Germany. (I is the subject-lived describes what the subject did-lived is a finite verb).

Non-Finite Verb
A non-finite verb has no subject, tense or number. The only non-finite verb forms are the infinite (indicated by to), the gerund or the participle.
For example :
I lived in Germany to improve my German.(To improve is in the 

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NOUN PHRASE..

Noun phrase..??
oh no..!!
what else..??
more confused..!!
but,, we must not despair..
WE MUST KEEP LEARNING..!!hee
so,, check it out..!!



1. Noun phrases is constraction function as subject and object .
2. Noun phrases is either a single noun or pronoun or any group of words
containing a noun or a pronoun that function together as a noun or pronoun, as the subject or object of a verb.

- Kinds of noun phrases :
a. Noun + Noun, example : Office boy
b. Verb + Noun, example : Take a bath
c. Gerund + Noun, example : Throwing ball
d. Pronoun + Noun, example : My book
e. Adjective + Noun, example : Black board
f. Determiner + Noun, example : A pen

- The noun phrases in English composed petenhally of 3 parts, there are :
a. Head                   : The most usual kind of head of a noun phrases.
b. Pre Modification  : Consists of a number of word classes in a specific order.
c. Post Modification : Must commonly used not by specific word classes or subclasses.

Example 1 :
Inna   : Do you like books ?
Artha : Yes, I like them.
Inna   : Do you like books over there?
Artha : Yes, they are nice.
Inna   : Do you like the book which I brought yesterday?
Artha : Yes, I like it.

Example 2 :
- Nicko was late
( Nicko is the noun phrase functioning as the subject of the verb)

- Some noun phrase are short :
* The student

- Some are long :
* The very tall education consultant.

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PREPOSITION IN, ON, AT

is there any that are still confused with in, on, at ..?
confused because they do not know how to use it ..?
often confused ..?
for those who can,
if you use it right ..?
sure ..?
if you are not sure..
do not worry, here we will study it together ..
come on guys..
check it out..!!hee




We use :

* at for a PRECISE TIME
* in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
* on for DAYS and DATES

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ASKING IF SOMEONE REMEMBER OR NOT.

have you ever met an old friend and asked if he still remembers with you..??
all people must have felt this,,
now the thing is,,
how do we ask properly and people understand what we're talking about,
even more so,
to remind us they're on..
for more details, please click on the article Baca Selengkapnya ..hahaha


1. Formal expressions:

- I wonder if you remember.....
- You remember...., don’t you?
- You haven’t forgotten...., have you?
- Don’t you remember.....?
- Do you happen to remember it now?


* Ways to respond:
- Let me think, yes, I remember.
- I remember especially the scenery.
- I’ll never forget that
- I’ll always remember.
- I can remember it clearly.

2. Informal expressions:
- Remember the old house we used to live in?
- Remember that?
- I’m sorry I don’t remember


* Ways to respond:
- Hold on. Yes, got it!
- I know.....
- It’s coming back to me now.


* Respond if you forget:
- Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
- I’m afraid I forget.
- I really can’t remember.
- I’m afraid I have no memory of him
- Emmm, let me think. No, it’s gone.
- Sorry, it slipped off my mind.

Example :

It was Sunday morning, Devina got dressed and had breakfast quickly. She was ready to leave for school. Her mother was a little puzzled.

Mother : Hey...hey.... are you going to school?
Devina  : Yes, Mom. I overslept. I’m in a hurry
Mother : You remember Sunday, don’t you?
Devina  : Oh, my goodness. I thought it’s a school day !

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GRATITUDE,, COMPLIMENT,, AND CONGRATULATION

Gratitude is an expression that we show or say to express grateful feeling to other people. When speaking English, you say “thanks” very often. Please say “thank you” when people give you something, help you do something, wish you something and give you a compliment etc.

Thanking :
* Thank you very much
* Thank you for your help
* I'm really very grateful to you
* You're welcome
* Don't mention it
* It's a pleasure / My pleasure
* I want to express my gratitude to ( God, my family, my friends, my boyfriend/girlfriend )
* I'm grateful to your help


Compliment is an expression that we show or say to express/give praise.
Some people use compliments to “butter up” somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will, for example:

- on his/her general appearance
- if you notice something new about the person's appearance
- when you visit someone's house for the first time
- when other people do their best

Complimenting :
- What a nice dress !
- You look great
- You look very nice/beautiful/handsome
- I really must express my admiration for your dance
- Good grades !
- Excellent !
- Nice work !
- Good job !


Congratulation is an expression that we use to give the congratulation utterance when he/she succeeds in doing something.

Congratulating :
- Congratulations !
- Congratulations on your success !
- Happy Birthday !
- Merry Christmas !
- Happy New Year !
- Happy Lebaran Day ! / Happy Led !
- Happy Valentine !

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PASSIVE VOICE

Passive Voice is very popular use, both in everyday conversations and in reading books. In the Indonesian language sentence is known as a verb beginning with di-(written, given, scolded, etc.). In the active sentence we may say so:

The teacher warned Nitha for being late. -> Teachers warned Nitha for being late.

But if we want to express this sentence in the passive voice, we will say:

Nitha was warned by the teacher for being late. -> Nitha warned by the teacher for being late.

The rules for forming the passive voice,

(1) The sentence should have Object (Transitive Verb).

(2) Object in the active sentence becomes the subject in passive sentences.

(3) said his work should form the III (Past Participle) preceded by a to be (am, is, are, was, were the resource persons, been). And

(4) The structure of the sentence by tenses.

A. Simple Past Tense
Struktur —> Subject + was/were + Past Participle

Contoh :
(A) Fire destroyed the house. —> (P) The house was destroyed by fire.

B. Simple Present Tense
Stuktur —> Subject + am/is/are + Past Participle

Contoh :
(A) People all over the world speak English. —> (P) English is spoken all over the world.

C. Present Perfect Tense
Struktur —> Subject + have/has been + Past Participle

Contoh :
(A) The students have copied the lesson. —> (P) The lesson has been copied by the students.

D. Present Continuous Tense
Struktur —> Subject + am/is/are + being + Past Participle

Contoh :
(A) She is typing the letter. —> (P) The letter is being typed.

E. Simple Future Tense
Struktur —> Subject + shall/will be + Past Participle

Contoh :
(A) They will sign the contract next week. —> (P) The contract will be signed next week.

F. Passive Voice with Auxiliaries
Struktur —> Subject + aux + be + Past Participle

Contoh :
(A) He must finish the work today. —> (P) The work must be finished today

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NEWS ITEM

News item is factual text which infroms the readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important

Function of news item :
Social function of news items is to infrom readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.

- Generic structure:
* Newsworthy event(s) : recounts the events in summary form.
* Background event(s) : elaborate what happend , to WHOM, in WHAT circumstance.
* Sources : Comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities expert on the event.

- Significant Granma features:
~ Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline.
~ Generally using Simple Past Tense
~ Use of material priocesses to retell the event
~ Using Action verbs, ex: run, go, kill, etc
~ Using saying verbs, ex: say, tell
~ Focus on circumstances
~ Use of projecting verbal processes in sources stage.

There an some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible:
1. The passive voice is used without the appropriate from of “be’
2. It is unusual to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used
3. The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing,but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.
4. To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive
5. Headlines are not always complete sentence

Linguistic features :

* Action verbs.
* Verbal verbs.
* Mental verbs.
* Temporal circumstances.
* Spatial circumstances.
* Specific participants.

- A headline is the text at the top of a newspaper article, indicating the nature of the article
below it.
Read some newspaper headlines below:
1. Michael Jackson’s last album “This is it” will be on the market in November.
2. Rupiah becomes stronger at the end of this week

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DESCRIPTIVE TEXT.

Descriptive text is available for a screen reader device to audibly describe a graph or map so a visually impaired user can understand the graphical information . Or to describe the characteristic of particular Person, thing , or place .

 Textstructure:

- Identification: Identifies thing, person, place, phenomenon to be described.
- Description: Gives the information of particular thing, person, or place being discussed or describes parts, qualities, or Characteristic.

 Language figures:

a. Topic is usually about the attributes of a think.
b. The use of think person pronoun forms is used.
c. The use of focus specific human and non human participants.
d. The use of reasoning expressed as verbs or noun.
e. The use of material.
f. The use of relation and mental process.

Characteristic:

a. Use the simple present tense.
b. Using detailed noun phrases to provide information on the subject.
c. Uses relating verbs to provide information on the subject.
d. Use the thinking and feeling verbs to reveal personal views about the subject
author.
e. Use action verbs.
f. Use adverbials to provide additional information.
g. Use figurative language such as simile, metaphor.

 Grammatical features:

- Who? What?
- Using linking verb and simple present tense,
- Epithet: adjective or adjective phrase,
- Attributive (the)
- Use a attributive and identifying process,
- Focus an specific participants,
- Frequent use of epithets and classified in nominal groups


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NARRATIVE TEXT..

Narrative text is a kind of text to retell the story that past tense. The purpose of the text is to entertain or to amuse the readers or listeners about the story.

The generic structure of Narrative text :
1. Orientation :
It set the scene and introduce the participants (it answers the question : who, when, what, and where).

2. Complication :
Tells the problems of the story and how the main characters solve them.

3. Resolution :
The crisis is revolved, for better or worse.

4.Re-orientation :
The ending of the story.

5. Evaluation :
The stepping back to evaluate the story or the moral message of the story

Linguistic features :

1. Use active verbs.
2. Use past tense.
3. Use conjunction.
4. The first person (I or We) or the third person (He, She, or They).
5. Use specific nouns.
6. Use adjective and adverbs

Kind of Narrative text :

1. Legend : Sangkuriang, Malin Kundang, etc.

2. Fable : Mousedeer and crocodile.

3. Fairy tale : Cinderella, Snow white, Pinocchio, etc.

4. Science fiction

Example of Narrative text :

Sleeping Beauty

Long ago there lived a King and Queen who said every day, "If only we had a child!" But for a long time they had none.

One day, as the Queen was bathing in a spring and dreaming of a child, a frog crept out of the water and said to her, "Your wish shall be fulfilled. Before a year has passed you shall bring a daughter into the world."

And since frogs are such magical creatures, it was no surprise that before a year had passed the Queen had a baby girl. The child was so beautiful and sweet that the King could not contain himself for joy. He prepared a great feast and invited all his friends, family and neighbours. He invited the fairies, too, in order that they might be kind and good to the child. There were thirteen of them in his kingdom, but as the King only had twelve golden plates for them to eat from, one of the fairies had to be left out. None of the guests was saddened by this as the thirteenth fairy was known to be cruel and spiteful.

An amazing feast was held and when it came to an end, each of the fairies presented the child with a magic gift. One fairy gave her virtue, another beauty, a third riches and so on -- with everything in the world that anyone could wish for.

After eleven of the fairies had presented their gifts, the thirteenth suddenly appeared. She was angry and wanted to show her spite for not having been invited to the feast. Without hesitation she called out in a loud voice,

"When she is fifteen years old, the Princess shall prick herself with a spindle and shall fall down dead!"

Then without another word, she turned and left the hall.

The guests were horrified and the Queen fell to the floor sobbing, but the twelfth fairy, whose wish was still not spoken, quietly stepped forward. Her magic could not remove the curse, but she could soften it so she said,

"Nay, your daughter shall not die, but instead shall fall into a deep sleep that will last one hundred years."

Over the years, the promises of the fairies came true -- one by one. The Princess grew to be beautiful, modest, kind and clever. Everyone who saw her could not help but love her.

The King and Queen were determined to prevent the curse placed on the Princess by the spiteful fairy and sent out a command that all the spindles in the whole kingdom should be destroyed. No one in the kingdom was allowed to tell the Princess of the curse that had been placed upon her for they did not want her to worry or be sad.

On the morning of her fifteenth birthday, the Princess awoke early -- excited to be another year older. She was up so early in the morning, that she realized everyone else still slept. The Princess roamed through the halls trying to keep herself occupied until the rest of the castle awoke. She wandered about the whole place, looking at rooms and halls as she pleased and at last she came to an old tower. She climbed the narrow, winding staircase and reached a little door. A rusty key was sticking in the lock and when she turned it, the door flew open.

In a little room sat an old woman with a spindle, busily spinning her flax. The old woman was so deaf that she had never heard the King's command that all spindles should be destroyed.

“Good morning, Granny," said the Princess, "what are you doing?"

"I am spinning," said the old woman.

"What is the thing that whirls round so merrily?" asked the Princess and she took the spindle and tried to spin too.

But she had scarcely touched the spindle when it pricked her finger. At that moment she fell upon the bed which was standing near and lay still in a deep sleep.

The King, Queen and servants had all started their morning routines and right in the midst of them fell asleep too. The horses fell asleep in the stable, the dogs in the yard, the doves on the roof and the flies on the wall. Even the fire in the hearth grew still and went to sleep. The kitchen maid, who sat with a chicken before her, ready to pluck its feathers, fell asleep. The cook was in the midst of scolding the kitchen boy for a mess he'd made but they both fell fast asleep. The wind died down and on the trees in front of the castle not a leaf stirred.

Round the castle a hedge of brier roses began to grow up. Every year it grew higher until at last nothing could be seen of the sleeping castle.

There was a legend in the land about the lovely Sleeping Beauty, as the King's daughter was called, and from time to time Princes came and tried to force their way through the hedge and into the castle. But they found it impossible for the thorns, as though they were alive, grabbed at them and would not let them through.

After many years a Prince came again to the country and heard an old man tell the tale of the castle which stood behind the brier hedge and the beautiful Princess who had slept within for a hundred years. He heard also that many Princes had tried to make it through the brier hedge but none had succeeded and many had been caught in it and died.

The the young Prince said, "I am not afraid. I must go and see this Sleeping Beauty."

The good old man did all in his power to persuade him not to go, but the Prince would not listen.

Now the hundred years were just ended. When the Prince approached the brier hedge it was covered with beautiful large roses. The shrubs made way for him of their own accord and let him pass unharmed.

In the courtyard, the Prince saw the horses and dogs lying asleep. On the roof sat the sleeping doves with their heads tucked under their wings. When he went into the house, the flies were asleep on the walls and the servants asleep in the halls. Near the throne lay the King and Queen, sleeping peacefully beside each other. In the kitchen the cook, the kitchen boy and the kitchen maid all slept with their heads resting on the table.

The Prince went on farther. All was so still that he could hear his own breathing. At last he reached the tower and opened the door into the little room where the Princess was asleep. There she lay, looking so beautiful that he could not take his eyes off her. He bent down and gave her a kiss. As he touched her, Sleeping Beauty opened her eyes and smiled up at him. Throughout the castle, everyone and everything woke up and looked at each other with astonished eyes. Within the month, the Prince and Sleeping Beauty were married and lived happily all their lives

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DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

A. Direct speech

Direct speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact word oe saying exactly what someone has said(sometimes called quoted speech) here what a peson says appears within quotation marks (“….”) and should be word for word.
For example :
She said,”today’s lesson is on presentations.” Or
“Today’s lesson is on presentations,” she said.

B.Indirect speech
Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech),doesn’t use quotation marks to enclpse what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word.



For example :” I’m going to the cinema”,he said – he said he was going to the cinema.

Tense Change
When reporting speech the tense usually changes. Because when we use reported speech,we are usually talking about a time in the past. Note : the reporting verbs that are usually used to report imperative sentence are : Tell , other command , ask,warn remind

Simple present - Past tenses
Vita said” I eat fried rice” vita said that she ate fried rice

Simple past - Past perfect
Mother said” I went to market yesterday” - mother said (that) she had gone to market the day before.

Simple future - Past future
Dave said” I will buy an i-pod nexk week’ - Dave said (that) he would buy an i-pod the week after.

Present continuous - Past continuous
Gama said” I’m playing football” - Gama said he was playing football

Past continuous - Past perfect continuous
She said” I was teaching earlier” - she said she had been teaching earlier

-when report what someone said,don’t usually repeat their exact weords,use our words, we can use reporting words such as tell say as follow by”that clause”
example : my mother said that she got up at 4 o’clock.

In time expression and pronouns
Direct speech-----
-now
-today/tonight
-Yesterday
-tomorrow
-last week
-next week
-ago
-this/these
-here
-pronouns

Indirect speech-----
-then
-that day/that night
-the day before/the previous day
-the next/following day
-the previous week
-the following week/the week after
-before
-that/those
-there
-they changes according to the context

Modal verb froms also sometimes change :
Direct speech-----
Will
Can
Must
Shall
May

Indirect speech-----
would
could
had
should
might

Note – there is no change to;could,would,should,might and ought too.
Direct speech
“I might go to the cinema”, he said

Indirect speech
He said he might go to cinema.

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INTRODUCING IT

Definition
Introducing it is a way of someone to introduce his or herself or introduce other people.

Introducing oneself and other people
• Introducing oneself
- Let me (allow me to) introduce myself. I’m …(Rini)
- Hi, my name’s …(Rino)
- Hello, I’m Ratna. How do you do?
- Good morning, Sir. I’m Rini your new secretary.


• Responding
- Hello, I’m …(Rina)
- Hi Rino. I’m Sinta.
- I’m Rama. How do you do?
- Good morning, Rini. Pleased to meet you.

• Introducing someone to other people
- Please let me introduce the keynote speaker for this occasion, Ms. Rebecca Coogan
- Jelita, I’d like you to introduce my brother buyung. Buyung , introduce my friend Jelita.
- Reno, this is Marni. Marni, this is Reno.

Introducing someone to other people
Charlie:” Hi, Rini. We meet again.”
Rini:” Hi, Charlie. Yeah, glad to see you again.”
Charlie:” M e too. How’s life?
Rini:” Great.”
Charlie:” By the way, please meet my girlfriend Gina. Gina, this is Rini my friend.
Rini:” Nice to meet you, Gina.”
Gina:” Nice to meet you too, Rini.”

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MODALS IN THE PAST FORM

When do we use modals?
* To talk about someone's ability (or inability) to do something
   example:
   "We can find your house without the street plan."
   "She can't have a daughter that old!"
* To talk about an action that is necessary (or impossible, or not necessary)
   example:
   "You must always have your driver's licence when you are driving your car."
   "You needn't carry your passport around with you."
* To talk about a situation that is possible (or impossible)
   example:
   "Do be careful with that glass, the baby might knock it over"



      Present Form = Past Form
                       Can = Could
                      May = Might
                       Will = Would
                      Shall = Should
                      Must = -
                 Ought to = -
                      Need = -

1. Could + Verb base
ô to offer suggestions or possibilitie
Example:
Asrie : Oh, no! I left my shorts.
Rolla : Don’t worry, Patrick. You could borrow my shorts.
Asmi : I’m having trouble with English.
Randah : Why don’t you ask Agnes? Perhaps she could help you.

ô to indicate that the ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now. 
Example:
Tasya : Ras, can you climb the durian tree?
Rasya : Well… I could climb durian tree when I was so young. But I think I’m too heavy to climb it.
Mia : Grandpa, what could you do when you were younger?
Grandpa : When I was younger, I could swim across the big river very well and faster.

ô to express polite requests
Example:
* Could I borrow your pencil (please)?
* Could you lend me your jacket now?
* Could you please close the door?
* Could you pass the salt?

2. Would + Verb base
ô for an action that was repeated regularly in the past
Example:
* When I was a child, I would visit my grandparents every weekend.
* On Sundays, when I was a child, we would all get up early and go fishing.

ô insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences
Example:
Justin : What would you rather do in the weekend, go to the party or stay home?
Eminem : I would rather go to the party than stay home.
Angel : Which country would you rather visit?
Maria : I would rather visit Italia than Somalia.

ô to express polite requests
Example:
Andi : Would you mind cycling with me, Kala?
Kala : No, not at all. It would be nice.
Mikola : Would you please pass the helmet, Bella?
Bella : No problem.

3. Should + Verb base
ô to give definite advice (advisability)
Example:
Bunda : Putri, you should study tonight. You will have English test tomorrow, won’t you?
Putri : I will, Bunda.
Debby : You should paint your door, Bobby. It looks terrible.
Bobby : Yes, I know I should.

ô to express the subject’s obligation or duty:
Example:
* You should practice for more than an hour. (to musical friend)
* They shouldn’t allow parking here; the street is too narrow.
* Application should be sent before March 25th.

4. Might + Verb base
ô to tell possibilities
Example:
David : Where is Deddy?
Copperfield : He might be in the studio with Kalina.

ô To express polite requests
Example:
Tian : Might I borrow your coat?
Ringgo : I’m afraid not. It has been brought by Donny for weeks and I don’t know when he’ll return it.

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